在本文中，我们考虑了使用嘈杂的中间量子量子（NISQ）设备的几种用于量子计算机视觉的算法，并将它们基于对其经典对应物的真正问题进行基准测试。具体而言，我们考虑了两种方法：基于通用门的量子计算机上的量子支持向量机（QSVM），以及Qubost在量子退火器上。量子视觉系统是针对图像不平衡数据集进行基准测试的，其目的是检测制成的汽车件中的缺陷。我们看到，量子算法以几种方式优于其经典对应物，QBoost允许使用当今的量子退火器分析更大的问题。还讨论了数据预处理，包括降低维度和对比度增强，以及Qboost中的超参数调整。据我们所知，这是量子计算机视觉系统的首次实施，用于制造生产线中的工业相关性问题。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

Chronic pain is a multi-dimensional experience, and pain intensity plays an important part, impacting the patients emotional balance, psychology, and behaviour. Standard self-reporting tools, such as the Visual Analogue Scale for pain, fail to capture this burden. Moreover, this type of tools is susceptible to a degree of subjectivity, dependent on the patients clear understanding of how to use it, social biases, and their ability to translate a complex experience to a scale. To overcome these and other self-reporting challenges, pain intensity estimation has been previously studied based on facial expressions, electroencephalograms, brain imaging, and autonomic features. However, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been attempted to base this estimation on the patient narratives of the personal experience of chronic pain, which is what we propose in this work. Indeed, in the clinical assessment and management of chronic pain, verbal communication is essential to convey information to physicians that would otherwise not be easily accessible through standard reporting tools, since language, sociocultural, and psychosocial variables are intertwined. We show that language features from patient narratives indeed convey information relevant for pain intensity estimation, and that our computational models can take advantage of that. Specifically, our results show that patients with mild pain focus more on the use of verbs, whilst moderate and severe pain patients focus on adverbs, and nouns and adjectives, respectively, and that these differences allow for the distinction between these three pain classes.

使用机器学习算法从未标记的文本中提取知识可能很复杂。文档分类和信息检索是两个应用程序，可以从无监督的学习（例如文本聚类和主题建模）中受益，包括探索性数据分析。但是，无监督的学习范式提出了可重复性问题。初始化可能会导致可变性，具体取决于机器学习算法。此外，关于群集几何形状，扭曲可能会产生误导。在原因中，异常值和异常的存在可能是决定因素。尽管初始化和异常问题与文本群集和主题建模相关，但作者并未找到对它们的深入分析。这项调查提供了这些亚地区的系统文献综述（2011-2022），并提出了共同的术语，因为类似的程序具有不同的术语。作者描述了研究机会，趋势和开放问题。附录总结了与审查的作品直接或间接相关的文本矢量化，分解和聚类算法的理论背景。

联合学习（FL）已成为协作分布式学习的隐私解决方案，客户直接在其设备上训练AI模型，而不是与集中式（潜在的对手）服务器共享数据。尽管FL在某种程度上保留了本地数据隐私，但已显示有关客户数据的信息仍然可以从模型更新中推断出来。近年来，已经制定了各种隐私计划来解决这种隐私泄漏。但是，它们通常以牺牲模型性能或系统效率为代价提供隐私，而在实施FL计划时，平衡这些权衡是一个至关重要的挑战。在本手稿中，我们提出了一个保护隐私的联合学习（PPFL）框架，该框架建立在控制理论中的矩阵加密和系统沉浸工具的协同作用上。这个想法是将学习算法（随机梯度体面（SGD））浸入更高维度的系统（所谓的目标系统）中，并设计目标系统的动力学，以便：浸入原始SGD的轨迹： /嵌入其轨迹中，并在加密数据上学习（在这里我们使用随机矩阵加密）。矩阵加密是在服务器上重新重新格式化的，作为将原始参数映射到更高维的参数空间的坐标的随机更改，并强制执行目标SGD收敛到原始SGD Optiral解决方案的加密版本。服务器使用浸入式地图的左侧逆汇总模型解密。我们表明，我们的算法提供与标准FL相同的准确性和收敛速度，而计算成本可忽略不计，同时却没有透露有关客户数据的信息。

加泰罗坦语言理解基准（Club）包括代表不同NLU任务的各种数据集，以便在一般语言理解评估（胶水）示例之后，可以准确评估语言模型。它是Aina和Plantl的一部分，两项公共资金举措，以赋予人工智能时代的加泰罗尼亚语言。

Existing automated techniques for software documentation typically attempt to reason between two main sources of information: code and natural language. However, this reasoning process is often complicated by the lexical gap between more abstract natural language and more structured programming languages. One potential bridge for this gap is the Graphical User Interface (GUI), as GUIs inherently encode salient information about underlying program functionality into rich, pixel-based data representations. This paper offers one of the first comprehensive empirical investigations into the connection between GUIs and functional, natural language descriptions of software. First, we collect, analyze, and open source a large dataset of functional GUI descriptions consisting of 45,998 descriptions for 10,204 screenshots from popular Android applications. The descriptions were obtained from human labelers and underwent several quality control mechanisms. To gain insight into the representational potential of GUIs, we investigate the ability of four Neural Image Captioning models to predict natural language descriptions of varying granularity when provided a screenshot as input. We evaluate these models quantitatively, using common machine translation metrics, and qualitatively through a large-scale user study. Finally, we offer learned lessons and a discussion of the potential shown by multimodal models to enhance future techniques for automated software documentation.

Advances in computer vision and machine learning techniques have led to significant development in 2D and 3D human pose estimation from RGB cameras, LiDAR, and radars. However, human pose estimation from images is adversely affected by occlusion and lighting, which are common in many scenarios of interest. Radar and LiDAR technologies, on the other hand, need specialized hardware that is expensive and power-intensive. Furthermore, placing these sensors in non-public areas raises significant privacy concerns. To address these limitations, recent research has explored the use of WiFi antennas (1D sensors) for body segmentation and key-point body detection. This paper further expands on the use of the WiFi signal in combination with deep learning architectures, commonly used in computer vision, to estimate dense human pose correspondence. We developed a deep neural network that maps the phase and amplitude of WiFi signals to UV coordinates within 24 human regions. The results of the study reveal that our model can estimate the dense pose of multiple subjects, with comparable performance to image-based approaches, by utilizing WiFi signals as the only input. This paves the way for low-cost, broadly accessible, and privacy-preserving algorithms for human sensing.

Due to the environmental impacts caused by the construction industry, repurposing existing buildings and making them more energy-efficient has become a high-priority issue. However, a legitimate concern of land developers is associated with the buildings' state of conservation. For that reason, infrared thermography has been used as a powerful tool to characterize these buildings' state of conservation by detecting pathologies, such as cracks and humidity. Thermal cameras detect the radiation emitted by any material and translate it into temperature-color-coded images. Abnormal temperature changes may indicate the presence of pathologies, however, reading thermal images might not be quite simple. This research project aims to combine infrared thermography and machine learning (ML) to help stakeholders determine the viability of reusing existing buildings by identifying their pathologies and defects more efficiently and accurately. In this particular phase of this research project, we've used an image classification machine learning model of Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) to differentiate three levels of cracks in one particular building. The model's accuracy was compared between the MSX and thermal images acquired from two distinct thermal cameras and fused images (formed through multisource information) to test the influence of the input data and network on the detection results.